Competitors to PKI:
- Identity-Based Encryption (IBE):
- Decentralized Identity Systems:
- Blockchain-based and decentralized identity models provide alternatives to centralized PKI by enabling self-sovereign identities (SSI).
- Competitors: Sovrin, uPort, Microsoft ION (built on Bitcoin), Hyperledger Indy.
- Hardware Security Modules (HSM) and Secure Key Management:
- HSMs offer secure key storage and management without relying on traditional PKI infrastructures.
- Competitors: Thales, Entrust, AWS CloudHSM.
- Web of Trust (WoT):
- A peer-to-peer approach where trust is decentralized, and relationships are built on mutual endorsements rather than centralized authorities.
- Competitors: PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) implementations like GnuPG.
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